Hamilton and Jefferson's Rivalry

                Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were well know to be political rivals. But as their political careers began, they were friends. While they were both in President George Washington's cabinet, they both thought very highly of each other. Jefferson even nominated Hamilton to be in the Philosophical Academy. 
                The rift between the two formed when Hamilton voiced his plan for the US economy. Apparently, some of the blame to the two's discourse is due to Washington. The poor guidelines for what a member of the cabinet does led both to believe that they were of most importance. While Jefferson believed he was in charge of all domestic affairs of the nation, Hamilton came into the position of Secretary of the Treasurer. 
                 As they grew to be on either side of political debates, Jefferson often recorded some of his views upon Hamilton, calling him a "monarchist". Washington often wrote letters to the both of them, trying to reel them in to be able to accomplish more as a whole. However, Washington made sure to not directly call out either Jefferson or Hamilton leaving his letters incredibly cryptic, 

"I do not mean to apply this advice to measures which are passed, or to any character in particular [...] l have given it in the same general terms to other Officers of the Government.”

However, Washington could not achieve peace between the two, and after serving his final term, both Hamilton and Jefferson came to form the earliest political parties, forming an arguably stronger, certainly more vocal government.

Why does the American form of government work?

Federalist Essay No. 10
"If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican principle, which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote. It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society; but it will be unable to execute and mask its violence under the forms of the Constitution. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens. To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed. Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which this form of government can be rescued from the opprobrium under which it has so long labored, and be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind."
"By what means is this object attainable? Evidently by one of two only. Either the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented, or the majority, having such coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression. If the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide, we well know that neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control. They are not found to be such on the injustice and violence of individuals, and lose their efficacy in proportion to the number combined together, that is, in proportion as their efficacy becomes needful"
In the Federalist Essay #10, Madison argues that a Republic government would be better than a Democratic government. Essentially, he believed that factions were unavoidable, due to greediness, biases, and egotism. As of this time, there was a small democracy (factions) that Madison thought was bad. He believed that if the faction was smaller, "passion or interest" will be spread to the people in no time, and thus, will be easier to pass a bill into law since everyone's thoughts will be biased and matched. Madison believes that it would be more effective if the 'effects' from these factions are avoided. He then explains that "passion or interest" on similar things in the factions must be prevented, and the ultimate solution for this was to create a Federalist government, in which factions could be avoided, and men have more say without bias.

Federalist Essay No. 51
"There are, moreover, two considerations particularly applicable to the federal system of America, which place that system in a very interesting point of view. First. In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself. Second. It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure"
"There are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one by creating a will in the community independent of the majority that is, of the society itself; the other, by comprehending in the society so many separate descriptions of citizens as will render an unjust combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if not impracticable. The first method prevails in all governments possessing an hereditary or self-appointed authority. This, at best, is but a precarious security; because a power independent of the society may as well espouse the unjust views of the major, as the rightful interests of the minor party, and may possibly be turned against both parties. The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority"
In the Federalist Essay #51, Madison argues that it is important to have governed by both federal and state, but also separate the government into three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Eventually, this will avoid the government picking to govern states over others, which meant that this would prevent bias and provide more security as the governments are governing each other.

Why does the American form of Government work?

Essay 10: "No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens? And what are the different classes of legislators but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Yet the parties are, and must be, themselves the judges; and the most numerous party, or, in other words, the most powerful faction must be expected to prevail. Shall domestic manufactures be encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign manufactures? are questions which would be differently decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the public good. The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice."

Madison advocates for a republic based on the fact that if each man had an equal say in the government of the country, nothing would get done because people would only be out for their own gain. He states that  "No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity," implying that even if progress could be made in terms of decisions many people would be treated unjustly as a result of the selfish actions of the individuals. In the republic system proposed by Madison in this essay the representatives from each faction would be held in check by the members of their parties, stating that "parties are, and must be, themselves the judges," allowing them to make decisions that benefit the overall good of the party and not just themselves. 

Essay 51: “In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another.”

Madison's proposal for a system that maintains a balance of power shows how he is attempting to create a governmental system free from corruption or lopsided power. The creation of the three branches and the rules surrounding them would help to prevent one branch from becoming more powerful than the others and dominating the government. By implementing this system Madison clearly hopes to prevent the United States from being governed in a hierarchical fashion, similar to those still present in Europe at the time.

Why does the American form of government work?

Gavin Stockton
Period 1



Federalist essay #10

In the Federalist essay #10 the author states, "From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself, and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual. Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths. Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of government, have erroneously supposed that by reducing mankind to a perfect equality in their political rights, they would, at the same time, be perfectly equalized and assimilated in their possessions, their opinions, and their passions." In this quote, it is mentioned that a pure democracy would not be able to function as the American government because of every human selfishness and need to have more power than other, therefore there must be a democratic republic. The reason for a democratic republic instead of a pure democracy is that there cannot be one main form of power because that set of people would abuse their power, thus making it necessary for multiple branches of government that can have the same amount of power. Going further into the essay "No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time;" Expanding on the first quote, this quote shows how the government has a dispersed group of government power in order to keep a people from having too much power compared to someone else. 

Federalist essay #51

In the Federalist essay #13, the author has a similar point to essay #10, the author states "Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it is obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit." Showing how the main objective of the American government was to create equality among men and women and give justice to everyone to create a fair society. Furthermore, they go on to state, "A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. " Showing how there are two major parts of the federal government in order to keep one group from having too mush major political power. They also made the electoral college to have a safety net in case the population made the wrong decisions.

Why does the American form of government work

Federalist essays 10

“The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public councils, have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished; as they continue to be the favorite and fruitful topics from which the adversaries to liberty derive their most specious declamations”

“Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.”

Federalist essays 51

“Second. It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part.”

“In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights.”

I think the American form of government works because there are basic rights set into place that the people have, and we make sure that nobody oversteps these bounds. Through this system, we are able to control the power that both the people and the government has. Also, the people were making the government that they envisioned as ideal, so people were willing to try to make the government work.

Why does the American form of government work?

Federalist Paper No. 10
1. " No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens?" 

Madison here argues for a government in which complete power is not bestowed upon an individual or a certain group, but rather split up amongst multiple parties. He states that no man or party should be able to "judge in their own cause", because they would surely be biased. In order to ensure that laws passed aren't biased, Madison is calling for multiple branches of government, each able to balance the others out. This ensures no one gets too much influence and power, and that no one can judge for themselves whether not their actions are just. The American Government System works because it applies Madison's beliefs. For example, if an executive act created by the President is deemed to be biased, another branch of government such as the Judicial Branch is able to cancel out this unfair law. 

2. "It must be confessed that in this, as in most other cases, there is a mean, on both sides of which inconveniences will be found to lie. By enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the representatives too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you render him unduly attached to these, and too little fit to comprehend and pursue great and national objects. The federal Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local and particular to the State legislatures." 

In this passage, Madison is arguing for local State legislatures in addition to a federal government. He believes so because if the government was too big, it would be chaotic, and if it was to small, it would be prone to corruption. He views the solution to this issue as having multiple smaller governments within the larger national one. In practice, this form of government works, because State governments legislate based on local circumstances specific to the situation of the state. As a result, the federal government can focus more on problems concerning the nation as a whole, rather than smaller issues. 

Federalist Paper No. 51

1. "The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority."

The American form of government works because it accounts for minorities and smaller groups. As a country created by immigrants, America is bound to have many different groups of people. As a result of such diversity, the government is sure to cater to everyone, not just the biggest party. As a result, everyone is able to cooperate and head towards a common objective for everyone. 

2. "Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state, will the more powerful factions or parties be gradnally induced, by a like motive, to wish for a government which will protect all parties, the weaker as well as the more powerful."

The overarching idea of why the American form of government works is because it is just. Fundamentally, the government is fair, and will keep pursing justice until it is obtained. The government's role is to ensure stronger factions can't discriminate against weaker factions, and make sure everyone has equal rights for everyone. As long as people are treated fairly and equally, the people are happy and will work together to further improve society. 

Why does the American form of government work?

Federalist Paper #10

1. "No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens? "

The American form of government works best when people are not individually proposing measures to govern the nation. This is because their viewpoints might solely benefit themselves rather than the entire country. The people are not accurate judges of how the country should be governed, and thus, these privileges cannot be given them. Madison points out that governments enforce acts that are not "concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens." Because most people cannot be trusted, the country should be governed by a limited amount of people who are able to account for all citizens.

2. "The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. Under such a regulation, it may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people, will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves, convened for the purpose."

As stated from this quote, establishing a republic is an important contributing factor that allows the American form of government to work. Madison believes that the citizens should elect a small group of people to represent the nation. These elites should be able to "best discern the true interest of their country" signifying that they will understand the most effective way to govern the country. Additionally, the representatives "will be least likely to sacrifice [patriotism and love] to temporary or partial considerations" meaning that they will not make decisions based on their own personal interest but rather based on that of the majority. Thus, by electing representatives to serve as part of the government, conflicting and biased viewpoints would be eliminated.

Federalist Paper #51

1. "In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments." 

Another reason that the government works is because it is divided "into distinct and separate departments." By establishing different branches and having power evenly spread out, it prevents one part of the government from becoming too dominant. If one branch feels that another is too oppressive, they can limit their power through checks and balances. The different departments make sure the government works in a controlled manner that allows it to be more organized.

2. "The second method will be exemplified in the federal republic of the United States. Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority."

A fourth reason as to why the government works is that no minority will be rejected outside of the society. This is because there is such a diversified population in the United States, and thus, there will be "interested combinations of the majority." The people have a variety of different perspectives, so there will be no minority that is targeted against. The government makes sure that no group will become too powerful and cause minorities to feel insecure. By making sure that all citizens are included as a part of society, the government is able to effectively operate.

Why Does the American Form of Government Work?

the Federalist Essays No. 10 and No. 51

In the Federalist Essays No. 10 discusses several flaws and concepts the American government depends on. Specifically, it is pointed out that the amount of people invested in political affairs makes all of the difference whether a free democratic government succeeds or becomes a monarchy once more. "The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression". In this excerpt, it is argued that a minimal society would more likely conform to one idea leaving less room for competition and various ideas and debates, essentially becoming a monarchical power. "Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other". However, it is being said that a larger population would lead to more split arguments and ideas adding value and parties to the ideal form of American government.  

The Federal Essays No. 51 addresses the importance of separate branches of the government. "In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others". In this passage it is being explained that the separate sections and leadership of the American government are the reason for the success of the government. The individual sections are just that; Individual. Each party has its own opinions and ideas, splitting and arguing, putting all views and ideas out on the table, and the majority vote is the deciding action. "A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights".  This statement simply explains the government's reliance on the people and the government's need to have the people involved and invested in this groundbreaking political setup in order for it to function properly. Another important concept pointed out in this passage is the idea of checks and balances or the system where each branch of the government has some power over the other two which in turn leads to a mutual control over each of the sectors of government. The purpose of this system is to keep every powerful group in check so that a dictatorship does not form. 

Why does the American form of government work?

Federalist Papers: No. 10

No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens? And what are the different classes of legislators but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. Justice ought to hold the balance between them.

Madison argues that America's decisions and power should not be vested in a single individual, but rather should be for the general good of people. If a single man were to represent a nation, Madison believes that "his interest would surely bias his judgement," so it can be inferred that he is calling upon a large, diverse group of representatives in order for a government to work. Because the laws passed by the government are not pertaining to a single individual, but rather a unified country, it should be according to the general will of the public, which cannot be derived from a single man in power.

Federalist Papers: No. 10

By enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the representatives too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you render him unduly attached to these, and too little fit to comprehend and pursue great and national objects. The federal Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local and particular to the State legislatures.

In this excerpt, Madison is describing the separation in the roles of the states and national government. With larger and smaller representatives, minorities are able to be represented, and the majority will not be able to abuse power. The separate representatives allow for the general will and universal consensus to be heard, pushing for an overall greater American nation.

Federalist Papers: No. 51

"TO WHAT expedient, then, shall we finally resort, for maintaining in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments, as laid down in the Constitution? The only answer that can be given is, that as all these exterior provisions are found to be inadequate, the defect must be supplied, by so contriving the interior structure of the government as that its several constituent parts may, by their mutual relations, be the means of keeping each other in their proper places. Without presuming to undertake a full development of this important idea, I will hazard a few general observations, which may perhaps place it in a clearer light, and enable us to form a more correct judgment of the principles and structure of the government planned by the convention."

In this passage, Madison introduces the ideas of separation of powers through the use of checks and balances as a component of a functioning American government. He explains the idea of checks and balances by arguing that the government's individual branches should have the right of "keeping each other in their proper places," ensuring that there is an even distribution of power in the government. Madison advocates for this practice of checks and balances because he deems it as the way to "maintain in practice the necessary partition of power among the several departments," protecting a single branch from tyranny.

Federalist Papers: No. 51

"Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves;"

The passage essentially answers the overarching question directly, declaring that justice and fairness is what keeps the American government running. All the principles of separation of power, checks and balances, etc., all derive from the general national desire for justice. The practices all allow for the American people's ideas to be heard, and Madison claims that it should always "be pursued until it be obtained." If the people are represented in justice, they will be inclined the support the government, allowing the government and its governed working in harmony.

Why does the American form of government work?

1. Federalist Essay No. 10: "The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves. The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties."
• The acknowledgment that people take varied standpoints in situations and the idea that the natural self-interest of people contributes to the makeup of society is important for the effectiveness of the American government. The colonies were founded by people who had different opinions from their home countries, and the country as a single unit was founded on a population's idea of liberty which differed from the idea of liberty held by other nations. Despite a wide range of personal goals and opinions, the people who founded the United States were brought together to do so by the diversity in their beliefs and their refusal to support the uniform outlook on what liberty meant that other countries pushed for. The significance of diversity is rooted deeply in American society and allows the American form of government to work.Though the specific goals of individuals may be motivated by their "self-love," as mentioned in this essay, there is are strong connections to the passions of these people that bring them to contribute to society. Because all people have different perspectives, the government thrives when it does not restrict them and considers the same kinds of differences in opinion that made it strive for independence in the first place. The American form of government works because it values representation of the different opinions similar to those which the establishment of the country was founded on.
2. Federalist Essay No. 10: "No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens? And what are the different classes of legislators but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Yet the parties are, and must be, themselves the judges; and the most numerous party, or, in other words, the most powerful faction must be expected to prevail. Shall domestic manufactures be encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign manufactures? are questions which would be differently decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the public good. The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice. Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved to their own pockets."
• One main way America's form of government differs from England's form of government is that it does not have one individual, such as a king, in a position to control more than anyone else. The American form of government is able to protect citizens and preserve their rights in a logical way because there are multiple branches of the government in order to have a balance. The American government uses a system that ensures liberty for individuals by making sure no one can be above the law. A person having the power to "be a judge in his own cause" would prevent others from feeling safe. Because people are often focused on what is best for themselves and sometimes do not reason properly or try to look past certain rules, the government works by guaranteeing that a cause must be judged by someone who is not biased. This promotes fairness and even equality and prevents corruption.
3. Federalist Essay No. 51: "There are, moreover, two considerations particularly applicable to the federal system of America, which place that system in a very interesting point of view. First. In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself. Second. It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure."
• The American government consists of multiple divisions which are able to keep each other in check and create a balance that allows the people to feel secure. It is dangerous for all of the power in a society, especially one as large and diverse as the United States, to be concentrated in the hands of one individual or unit. For this reason, there are different branches of the government that have their own particular responsibilities while also sharing a responsibility of maintaining order and stability. This form of government works because it ensures that changes must be accommodating to many people before being made, as ideas must be supported by the different divisions of the government, who represent different aspects of the society, rather than just one person or small group.
4. Federalist Essay No. 51: "In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended under the same government. This view of the subject must particularly recommend a proper federal system to all the sincere and considerate friends of republican government, since it shows that in exact proportion as the territory of the Union may be formed into more circumscribed Confederacies, or States oppressive combinations of a majority will be facilitated: the best security, under the republican forms, for the rights of every class of citizens, will be diminished: and consequently the stability and independence of some member of the government, the only other security, must be proportionately increased. Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state, will the more powerful factions or parties be gradually induced, by a like motive, to wish for a government which will protect all parties, the weaker as well as the more powerful."
• This statement is significant because it recognizes the importance of religious liberty and acknowledges that the government exists to tolerate all of the people rather than just the most powerful. The representation of minorities, as well as majorities, is crucial for the success of the American form of government because a lack of representation is what drove the colonies apart from the British empire and could have the potential to drive groups in America apart from each other as well. The government works by using its power to protect the rights of all of the people in order to maintain control. It would not work for the government to only represent and protect part of the country because all of the different groups and regions must work together for the country to succeed.

Why does the American Form of Government Work?

Federalist Papers #10: ¨There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction: the one, by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects.There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests. It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy, that it was worse than the disease. Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency. The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves. The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties.¨

• Here, Madison is acknowledging the inevitability of differing viewpoints, be it political or religious. However, instead of trying to censor one view or the other, as seen in European states like England and Spain, he tries to keep it from getting out of hand. He understands that, no matter how annoying or difficult it may be to have multiple parties, it is a vital part of democracy, and thus, he takes no measures to stop it. Because he understands the importance of this, he prioritizes that in his government, stating ¨the protection of these faculties is the first object of government.¨ Since freedom of expression was clearly a priority when writing the constitution, the end result was structured in a way that provided free speech to the people. As a result, people were more satisfied with the government, since they felt like they had a say in it, leading to more stability. 

Federalist papers #10: The other point of difference is, the greater number of citizens and extent of territory which may be brought within the compass of republican than of democratic government; and it is this circumstance principally which renders factious combinations less to be dreaded in the former than in the latter. The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other. Besides other impediments, it may be remarked that, where there is a consciousness of unjust or dishonorable purposes, communication is always checked by distrust in proportion to the number whose concurrence is necessary.

• One reason the American form of government works is because it encompasses a large population spread throughout numerous regions. With a smaller population, it is easy for dictatorships or supermajorities to emerge. However, because of the larger population, it became harder for this to happen, since there were more seats that had to be won over in Congress. Even if a supermajority did occur, the minority would consist a lot more people, and thus would be harder to censor. 

Federalist Papers #51: In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people

• Another reason the American form of government works is because of how the government is divided into different departments or branches. This balance of power ensures that every government official can only affect what is within his own branch and nothing else. This prevents any particular individuals from gaining too much power. As a result, even the most powerful three entities in each branch: the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court, can do so much to lessen another's power. To further strengthen this form, everyone in Congress, in addition to the President, is elected by the people. This maximizes the chances for the politicians to have the people's interests at heart since otherwise, people wouldn't have voted for them. The nine Supreme Court Justices must be appointed by the President elected by the people, and then approved by the representatives in Congress chosen by their constituents. As a result, the heads of all three branches should, in theory, consist of people who serve the people they of America.

Federalist Papers #51: A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights.

• A fourth reason the American form of government work is the checks and balances. While each branch has a limited ability to affect the others, they also have the ability to stop unjust actions of others. For example, the legislative branch can pass legislation, but it has to go through the executive branch and the judicial branch before becoming law.This limited effect is enough from keeping each branch from having too much of an effect on others, but also just enough to keep each branch from using their power unchecked. 

Why Does the American Form of Government Work?

Why Does the American Form of Government Work? 

"The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves. The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties." (Federalists 10).

In this faction they talk about how although they may not like the difference of opinions that are being formed, it is there right to be able to form them with out persecution. He states that "The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests."  Here he is showing that even though this variant opinions may causes roadblocks for America in the making, its what makes America unique against these uninformative messages that old parliaments like Britain force upon there people. He goes on to say that because America does not use a hierarchy they still are divisible bases on the there beliefs and proprietors. Although he continues on about the difference in opinion and how there are classes America is not divided and will not be divided because people feel heard. When people don't feel heard they retaliate against whom ever is not weather it be the government or a certain group of people. America is structured so everyone can have an opinion without discrimination.

"In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another. Perhaps such a plan of constructing the several departments would be less difficult in practice than it may in contemplation appear. Some difficulties, however, and some additional expense would attend the execution of it. Some deviations, therefore, from the principle must be admitted. In the constitution of the judiciary department in particular, it might be inexpedient to insist rigorously on the principle: first, because peculiar qualifications being essential in the members, the primary consideration ought to be to select that mode of choice which best secures these qualifications; secondly, because the permanent tenure by which the appointments are held in that department, must soon destroy all sense of dependence on the authority conferring them." (Federalists 51)

Madison in this faction talks about his theory he is trying to implement called the theory of separation powers. He talks about having a government that is consistent of three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary, in order to lay the first level of foundation. Madison goes on to support his claim of multiple branches by saying that having to many departments of authority would confuse people and make communications harder between all party's. Having an this layout for the government would make lines very black and white no need for interpretation. He goes to say that although the lines are drawn in the sand so clearly there is no need for communication between any of the three branches and that no one branch is able to interfere or encroach upon other affairs in different jurisdiction.

Why Does the American Form of Government Work?

Why Does the American Form of Government Work?

Federalist 10: "There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.

It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy, that it was worse than the disease. Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an aliment without which it instantly expires. But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency."


Madison says through this section that even if destroying a factions right to free speech is the easiest way to get rid of it, by doing so you also destroy the political life of your nation. This is obviously a really important idea in America, the right to free speech and differing political opinion.


Federalist 10: "The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may be extended.
The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. Under such a regulation, it may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people, will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves, convened for the purpose. On the other hand, the effect may be inverted. Men of factious tempers, of local prejudices, or of sinister designs, may, by intrigue, by corruption, or by other means, first obtain the suffrages, and then betray the interests, of the people."

Madison's distinctions between creating a pure democracy and a republic were essential to the formation of the structure of government we know today. He argues that a democracy would not create a clear vision of public view, to refine the views of the crowds through a more intelligent and put together citizen. He does also recognize that corruption isn't impossible, and that someone could lie to corrupt the word of the people to his own agenda. 

Federalist 51: "In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others."

The three branches of our government are all created to keep each other in check, so no one branch can go and ruin everything. They're also set up so that the branches can't go and ruin each other, because they are independent.

Federalist 51: "Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state, will the more powerful factions or parties be gradually induced, by a like motive, to wish for a government which will protect all parties, the weaker as well as the more powerful."

This passage is an extension of that American spirit of chasing justice and defending the weak, but it also does serve a very practical purpose. It states that the government treats parties equally, so that all states are represented fairly. 

Why does the American form of government work?

In the Federalist Essay No. 10, Madison explains how he believes a republic is better than a true democracy because of its ability to deal with factions more effectively.  Hamilton explains what a faction is in the quote "By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." A faction is a group of people who have a specific view that maybe does not reflect the wishes of others in the community.  An example of a faction could be the Republican party.  Furthermore in the quote " When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens. To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed."  A true democracy that gives power to the majority through voting would allow a faction of the majority to get exactly what they want.  It would not matter if 49% of the population was against a measure, nor would it matter what the measure is, so long as the majority is voting in favor of it.  This would allow a majority group to legally suppress the rights of minorities.  An exaggerated example would be if all the puritans who are the majority voted to enslave all the Catholics who are a minority.  There needs to be some check to voters power.  That is why Madison suggests republicanism as a more effective system of government.  Hence, it clearly appears, that the same advantage which a republic has over a democracy, in controlling the effects of faction, is enjoyed by a large over a small republic,--is enjoyed by the Union over the States composing it. Does the advantage consist in the substitution of representatives whose enlightened views and virtuous sentiments render them superior to local prejudices and schemes of injustice?  The system Madison suggests resembles our government today.  People do not vote for the laws they want passed, they vote for the people to represent them and make an educated decision.  This serves as an extra precaution against factions because although the revolution was fought to bring power to the people, the regular person cannot fully be trusted to make the best decisions for the state.   Thus the power cannot be fully invested in them alone.

In the Federalist Essay No. 51, Madison advocates for a separation of powers in the government.  Madison favors a system of government with checks and balances so that the power is not invested in one individual like the king, which is what the revolution was fought for.  Separation of powers would be a check against tyranny.  It would also prevent all the power from being put in the hands of the wealthy elites which is what Bacon's rebellion was fought over.  Specifically the type of branches that Madison wants is shown in the quote "Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistrates should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another."  This mirrors the ideas of Baron de Montesquieu, a french enlightenment thinker.  Montesquieu thought that if these three branches were all given 1/3rd of the power, no one leader or group could take control.  Today we have a president, the congress, and the supreme court.  This is exactly what Madison was in favor of because the president is the executive, the congress is the legislative branch and the supreme court is the judicial.  Although we think that the president is the most powerful of the branches today, Madison thought that the legislative was the strongest "In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates. The remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. It may even be necessary to guard against dangerous encroachments by still further precautions. As the weight of the legislative authority requires that it should be thus divided, the weakness of the executive may require, on the other hand, that it should be fortified."  Our legislative branch is divided into the congress and the senate just like Madison suggested.  The main argument is contained within the quote "In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself. Second. It is of great importance in a republic not only to guard the society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the other part."  This embodies the ideas of John Locke that their is a social contract that the people surrender a little bit of their freedom to the government in exchange for its protection.  To make sure that this contract is honored, the three branches exist as a means to protect the people from the absolute rule of the other.

In conclusion, the federalist essays show the reasoning behind the system of government that we have adopted today.  It shows that the American government is a very complex system that works because it has many precautions that can prevent the freedoms of all from being infringed upon by a party, branch or person with more power.  It works because it predicts that everyone is selfish and out for their own gain.  That way it is certain that everyone will be equal and America will never go down the road of tyranny and the suppression of liberty.

Source: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed51.asp

Why Does the American Form of Government work?

"A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual." This passage is from the tenth paper. It basically means that as opposed to every small, obnoxious, or unpopular political party voicing their opinion on a national scale and forcing congress to debate their every issue, most political decisions (aside from some anomalies) made by congress are issues that are important and relevant to most people. Later, the essay states, "It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be able to adjust these clashing interests, and render them all subservient to the public good. Enlightened statesmen will not always be at the helm. Nor, in many cases, can such an adjustment be made at all without taking into view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely prevail over the immediate interest which one party may find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of the whole." This means that every group has its own agenda they are fighting for, which will always clash with someone else's beliefs. Not every leader will fight for everyone or will lead intelligently, which is why the aforementioned balance of power between political parties and agendas is necessary, as it will limit the damage ineffective leaders cause.
"It is equally evident, that the members of each department should be as little dependent as possible on those of the others, for the emoluments annexed to their offices. Were the executive magistrate, or the judges, not independent of the legislature in this particular, their independence in every other would be merely nominal. But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others." This passage is from the 51st paper, and explains that each role is such so that it can function without the other departments. Each is independent to create a balance of power between departments and branches of government. This prevents many major conflicts.This point is emphasized later in the same essay: "But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others." This states that roles in departments are created to ensure a balance of power. This prevents corruption and tyranny.

Why Does the American Form of Government Work?

Federalist Essay No. 10

1. "It must be confessed that in this, as in most other cases, there is a mean, on both sides of which inconveniences will be found to lie. By enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the representatives too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you render him unduly attached to these, and too little fit to comprehend and pursue great and national objects. The federal Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local and particular to the State legislatures." 
This clause helped create a functioning US government because it balanced the number of representatives within the legislative branch. This quote demonstrates how the Constitution appointed a specific amount of representatives that allowed for enough representation of the people to truly know their representatives, yet not too many that the representatives so that everyone would be able to actually work on a national level.

2. "The diversity in the faculties of men, from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. From the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property, the possession of different degrees and kinds of property immediately results; and from the influence of these on the sentiments and views of the respective proprietors, ensues a division of the society into different interests and parties."
The government was successful because it acknowledged the rights of individual citizens to critique the government. By allowing Americans to have a voice, the US government ensured that it would stay as just that -- voices. Because frustrations and differing opinions were protected by the government, people were able to voice their thoughts and help improve society and their own government.

Federalist Essay No. 51

1. "In order to lay a due foundation for that separate and distinct exercise of the different powers of government, which to a certain extent is admitted on all hands to be essential to the preservation of liberty, it is evident that each department should have a will of its own; and consequently should be so constituted that the members of each should have as little agency as possible in the appointment of the members of the others. Were this principle rigorously adhered to, it would require that all the appointments for the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another."
This quote demonstrates a key part of America's emerging democracy -- separation of powers. Inspired by Baron de Montesquieu's ideas, this theory of separation of powers lessens the threat of corruption and tyranny. Because of balance of powers between the three branches, one corrupt leader cannot bring down the whole system of government, ensuring a long-lasting system.

2. "Whilst all authority in it will be derived from and dependent on the society, the society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests, and classes of citizens, that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger from interested combinations of the majority. In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects."
Through this section of the essay, a plan to use the different branches of government to create a system of checks and balances. America's government was able to succeed because it helped alleviate the fears of the public that the government would become tyrannical. The different groups within the government would hold each other in place, as all would want to have the most power, so none would -- they would limit each other's power in their quest for their own.

Why does the American form of government work

Federalist Paper No. 10 : 

1. No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens? And what are the different classes of legislators but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Yet the parties are, and must be, themselves the judges; and the most numerous party, or, in other words, the most powerful faction must be expected to prevail. Shall domestic manufactures be encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign manufactures? are questions which would be differently decided by the landed and the manufacturing classes, and probably by neither with a sole regard to justice and the public good. The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice. Every shilling with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved to their own pockets.

- From this section of the Federalist Paper No. 10, it is clear to see that one of the essential reasons that the American form of government works is because it is better than the alternative that could be in place. All humans are naturally greedy. In turn, when you give them power, they will use it for their own selfish gains. While this idea may seem to counteract the claims that Madison makes regarding the necessity of a government, there is in fact, a reason for including this section. Using this section, Madison compares how the republic he wishes to put in place would be able to overcome this obstacle, showing a clear contrast between what could happen and what he wants to happen. In doing so, he lays the situation regarding the government out for the people to decide for themselves, painting the republic as a place that protects the interest of the people as well as what is the best for them without being swayed by innate human greed.

2. Hence, it clearly appears, that the same advantage which a republic has over a democracy, in controlling the effects of faction, is enjoyed by a large over a small republic,--is enjoyed by the Union over the States composing it. Does the advantage consist in the substitution of representatives whose enlightened views and virtuous sentiments render them superior to local prejudices and schemes of injustice? It will not be denied that the representation of the Union will be most likely to possess these requisite endowments. Does it consist in the greater security afforded by a greater variety of parties, against the event of any one party being able to outnumber and oppress the rest? In an equal degree does the increased variety of parties comprised within the Union, increase this security. Does it, in fine, consist in the greater obstacles opposed to the concert and accomplishment of the secret wishes of an unjust and interested majority? Here, again, the extent of the Union gives it the most palpable advantage. 

- Madison explains how a republic will have the ability to protect the people form specific radical ideals that are looking for their own self interest while allowing for compromise between groups of differing ideas. He explains that while the power of the republic may be in one place, their are many benefits that come out of this form of government. Not only is it a better alternative to any other possible ways of governing the new nation, but it also allows for every group to have a voice without fear of oppression. Within the system itself, there is no way for a single group to stand above the others and dictate what can be spoken and done. At the same time, because so many voices are allowed to be heard, the safety of the people is ensured as more ideas can be considered with more people thinking. Furthermore, the government itself is not a blinded group trying to do whatever everyone says. Instead, it looks out not for the powerful and the greedy, but for what is best for everyone and what is truly is the most just for the people of it's country. 

Federalist Paper No. 51 : 

1. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights. These inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State. But it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates. The remedy for this inconveniency is to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them, by different modes of election and different principles of action, as little connected with each other as the nature of their common functions and their common dependence on the society will admit. It may even be necessary to guard against dangerous encroachments by still further precautions. As the weight of the legislative authority requires that it should be thus divided, the weakness of the executive may require, on the other hand, that it should be fortified. 

- This passage clearly shows why the American form of government works simply because it shows how the government is a self regulating system. It explains how there must be checks on the government and that the best check on the government are the people itself. By allowing this to occWur within the government, the people are giving the government the ability to govern them while giving the government the ability to control itself from getting out of hand. By doing so, there will be no outrageously corrupt ruler or a system that doesn't protect it's people. With a dependence on the people, the government is unable to tailor itself to the ideals of a single individual, but of the population as a whole. This distribution of power is essentially, the a means to distribute power as well as ensuring that not a single group of people end up making all of the decisions for the people regardless of what they think. In doing so, the voice of the people are protected because they are a part of the system and the government can protect the people because it has been given the authority by it's general population. 

2. Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit. In a society under the forms of which the stronger faction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as truly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker individual is not secured against the violence of the stronger; and as, in the latter state, even the stronger individuals are prompted, by the uncertainty of their condition, to submit to a government which may protect the weak as well as themselves; so, in the former state, will the more powerful factions or parties be gradnally induced, by a like motive, to wish for a government which will protect all parties, the weaker as well as the more powerful. It can be little doubted that if the State of Rhode Island was separated from the Confederacy and left to itself, the insecurity of rights under the popular form of government within such narrow limits would be displayed by such reiterated oppressions of factious majorities that some power altogether independent of the people would soon be called for by the voice of the very factions whose misrule had proved the necessity of it. In the extended republic of the United States, and among the great variety of interests, parties, and sects which it embraces, a coalition of a majority of the whole society could seldom take place on any other principles than those of justice and the general good; whilst there being thus less danger to a minor from the will of a major party, there must be less pretext, also, to provide for the security of the former, by introducing into the government a will not dependent on the latter, or, in other words, a will independent of the society itself.

- Within this section of the Federalist Papers, a clear distinction regarding the form of government that is to be but in place is drawn. The writers explain how this new government embraces all of the ideals of the people, allowing there to never be one specific power that is always going to win nor a specific group that dictates the mindset of the people. Allowing a overarching government ensures a larger population and in turn, a larger group of mindsets. With this in place, the government frees itself from the expectations of the majority as the majority can not harm minorities and instead, governs through justice and what it the best for the general population. In doing so, possible restrictions are over turned as the government itself has the ability to ensure that it's purpose is achieved. By unbinding the government from the will of society as a whole, the government is allowed to view the bigger picture in a conflict instead of being forced to decided off of one puzzle piece.